Vortex evolution and merging mechanism across 180° sharp bend for laminar inflow

The present study deals with the fundamentals of vortex evolution and merging across a 180° sharp bend for laminar inflow (Re = 800). A three-dimensional flow pressure distribution are analyzed by using particle image velocimetry measurements. results show that sudden redirection adverse gradient create recirculation region in vicinity divider wall. vorticity turbulent kinetic energy highlight presence shear layer between mainstream turning flow. Rayleigh instability analysis shows existence centrifugal instabilities outside imbalance forces act unison to produce net force creates Dean Consequently, two pairs counter-rotating vortices develop after first turn, possibly into single pair subsequent 90° turn. Finally, explained help conceptual diagram illustrating interaction formation currents.